Can this Phytochemical Prevent Antibiotic Resistance?

A new study investigates the potential antimicrobial benefits of a phytochemical.

The development of antibiotics was pivotal to the practice of modern medicine. Before the 1928 discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin, common bacterial infections often resulted in serious complications or death.¹ Since then, many types of antibiotics have been developed allowing for bacterial infections to be treated within days.

Unfortunately, when antibiotics are not taken as prescribed or are prescribed without due cause, the infective bacteria can reproduce and adapt to be resistant to that antibiotic. These pathogens are referred to as antibiotic-resistant bacteria and are generally more challenging to treat which can lead to future health complications.^2,3 

One mechanism that can further the effects of this antibiotic resistance is the formation of biofilms, where bacteria group together to form communities.⁴ These bacteria essentially work together to create a defense shield against antibiotics, external stressors, and the host’s immune system.^4,5 Understanding how to disrupt the formation of these biofilms is particularly important for wound healing protocols, since biofilms are sometimes present in chronic, non-healing wounds.⁷ This could also lead to new discoveries in reducing the global issue of antibiotic resistance.  

Phytochemicals, or natural compounds found in plants, are common areas of research in drug development, and it is unknown whether some of these phytochemicals could help disrupt biofilm formation.  3,3’-diindolylmethane (DIM), is a phytochemical that comes from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage and is thought to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.^3,6  To determine whether this phytochemical can prevent the formation of biofilms, a study was conducted and published in Pharmaceutics.³

First, researchers wanted to establish the effects of DIM on the biofilm growth of four different bacterial cultures in vitro: A. baumannii, S. marcenscens, P. stuartii, and P. aeruginosa.  This was done by comparing the levels of biofilm growth in bacterial cultures with DIM and without DIM.3  Visual representations of the biofilms were also obtained using a special microscope, and this helped determine their structure and thickness.  Finally, the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which is an important component of biofilm and is directly related to the amount of biofilm production, was measured using an assay.^3,8

Next, the impact of DIM on the susceptibility of the bacterial cultures to antibiotic treatment was measured.  This was done by comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotics in bacterial cultures with and without DIM.³  The MIC represents the lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to prevent bacterial growth, and the antibiotics used were gentamicin, tobramycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and colistin.⁹ 

Finally, researchers measured the effects of DIM on biofilm formation in wound healing.  This was done by using a cream containing either DIM or an inactive control on pig (porcine) wounds inoculated with P. aeruginosa bacteria, which is commonly associated with biofilm formation in wounds.^3,10  After ten days, samples of wound tissue were analyzed for bacterial activity.

The bacterial cultures treated with DIM in the first part in the study had 62%, 82%, 86%, and 76% thinner biofilms than those without DIM for A. baumannii, S. marcenscens, P. stuartii, and P. aeruginosa, respectively.³  This was reflected in both in-vitro measures as well as visual representations. 

Next, MIC values in many of the antibiotics were lower when treated with DIM than without.  The difference between the MIC values was particularly significant with tobramycin, as MIC values were 50% lower in the DIM-treated sample.³  This may be associated with greater antibiotic efficiency with DIM; however, more research is needed.  Finally, the porcine wounds treated with DIM visually healed better, and they also had, on average, a three-fold decrease in bacterial counts of P. aeruginosa.³ 

The results of this study suggest that treatment with DIM was associated with decreased biofilm production in the four bacterial cultures.  Additionally, in porcine wounds, treatment with DIM was associated with improved healing and decreased bacterial counts.  More research is needed to confirm this as well as determine whether these findings would still apply to a larger sample.  More research is also needed to further investigate the potential benefits of this phytochemical on antibiotic resistance.

References

1. Gaynes R. The discovery of penicillin—new insights after more than 75 years of clinical use. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):849-853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556
2. Ventola, C.L. (2015, April). The antibiotic resistance crisis. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 40(4): 277-283.
3. Goldberg, K., Markus, V., Kagan, B., et al (2022, April). Anti-virulence activity of 3,3’-diindolylmethane (DIM): A bioactive cruciferous phytochemical with accelerated wound healing benefits. Pharmaceutics 14(5). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14050967
4. Sharma, D., Misba, L. & Khan, A.U. Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 8, 76 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0533-3
5. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 1999;284(5418):1318-1322. doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
6. Bharate SB, Bharate JB, Khan SI, et al. Discovery of 3,3′-diindolylmethanes as potent antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem. 2013;63:435-443. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.024
7. Attinger C, Wolcott R. Clinically addressing biofilm in chronic wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2012;1(3):127-132. doi:10.1089/wound.2011.0333
8. Kowalska-Krochmal, B., Dudek-Wicher, R. (2021, February). The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics: methods, interpretation, clinical relevance. Pathogens 10(2): 165. doi:10.3390/pathogens10020165
9. Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(9):623-633. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2415
10. Raizman R, Little W, Smith AC. Rapid diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wounds with point-of-care fluorescence imaging. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(2):280. Published 2021 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/diagnostics11020280