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Ethnicity may predict vitamin D deficiency

Researchers recently studied the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the US population and the factors that may predict it.

Vitamin D deficiency is on the rise around the world. However, there is little information on its prevalence in the American adult population. It is important to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as it has been linked to many other diseases such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, high blood pressure, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and an increased risk of cardiovascular complications.

In a study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, researchers from the United States examined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in subgroups of the US population. These groups were determined by age, sex, race, and socioeconomic and behavioural factors.

Among these groups, the researchers examined the potential factors that could lower vitamin D levels based on previous studies. These factors included age, ethnicity, education level, income, physical activity, weight, milk consumption, alcohol and smoking history.

For the study, they included participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The survey assesses nutrition status in adults and children in the US. It consists of face-to-face interviews and medical examinations to gather demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, medical, laboratory and other health-related information.

Ethnicity was the strongest predictor of vitamin D deficiency

The study found that the national prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 28.9% in American adults. Among the factors, they observed that ethnicity was the strongest indicator of vitamin D deficiency, with higher prevalence seen in minority groups than non-Hispanic whites.

People obtain vitamin D from exposure to sunlight, diet, and dietary supplements. The researchers found that those who had a higher likelihood of having a vitamin D deficiency were non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics who were obese, physically inactive, consumed milk infrequently, were less educated, and had a poor income. Among the racial groups studied, non-Hispanic blacks were found to have the highest rate of vitamin D deficiency at 71.9%.

Obesity was also a strong predictor of vitamin D deficiency. Within each predictive factor, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in subjects who were older, had less education, had a lower income, were physically inactive, rarely consumed milk, or were current smokers.

The study hypothesized that a reason for the higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among minority groups may be due to the melatonin pigmentation in darker-skinned people, which may interfere with sunlight exposure’s ability to trigger vitamin D production. Another reason could be a consistent finding of lower socioeconomic status and worse behavioural and dietary patterns in minority group populations, in which they are often less educated, poorer, more obese, physically inactive, consumed less milk and more likely to be a smoker.

Vitamin D supplements may be the answer

Some of the study’s limitations included the limited or incomplete data with certain factors, such as time spent outdoors and sunlight exposure, and unknown vitamin D supplement use. Despite these limitations, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency concluded from the study was still considered high.

As a result, the researchers suggest the use of vitamin D supplements, particularly in racial minority groups, obese individuals, smokers, and those who do not consume milk frequently or have poor physical activity. They also advocate for behavioural and dietary strategies to encourage physical activity, particularly outdoor activities to increase sunlight exposure. They also note that it is important to educate individuals about healthy dietary habits to prevent vitamin D deficiency.

Written by Maggie Leung, PharmD

Reference: Liu, X., Baylin, A., & Levy, P. D. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: Prevalence, predictors and clinical implications. British Journal of Nutrition,119(08), 928-936. doi:10.1017/s0007114518000491

Maggie Leung PharmD
Maggie Leung PharmD
Maggie is a registered pharmacist and has a PharmD from the University of Toronto. She currently works in the pharmacy informatics field as a clinician applications consultant. In her role, she supports the integration and optimization of technology in healthcare. She enjoys learning about the latest in scientific research and sharing that knowledge through her writing for Medical News Bulletin. Maggie is a big dog lover and enjoys traveling and spending time with her friends and family.

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